Kerala reports rise in amoebic brain fever: 14 deaths, 72 infected in 3 months

Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala has reported a rise in cases of amoebic brain fever, with 14 deaths and 72 infections recorded over the past three months.

Health officials have linked the surge to contamination of water bodies, particularly during the summer season when stagnant water becomes more prone to microbial growth. The infection has been reported across multiple districts, including Thiruvananthapuram, Malappuram, Kollam, Wayanad, and Idukki.

What is amoebic brain fever

Amoebic brain fever, also known as amoebic meningoencephalitis, is a rare but serious infection caused by free-living amoebae such as Naegleria fowleri and similar organisms. These microorganisms are commonly found in warm, stagnant freshwater environments and can cause severe inflammation of the brain once they enter the human body.

How the infection spreads

The infection typically occurs when contaminated water enters the nose during activities like bathing or swimming in untreated or stagnant water. From the nasal passage, the amoeba can travel along nerve pathways to reach the brain. The disease does not spread from person to person, making environmental exposure the primary route of infection.

Symptoms and progression

Symptoms generally appear within five to ten days after exposure. Early signs include severe headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and sensitivity to light. In more advanced stages, patients may experience seizures, confusion, memory loss, and loss of consciousness. In infants, symptoms may include reduced feeding, inactivity, and unusual behaviour. The condition progresses rapidly and requires immediate medical attention.

Risk and severity

Amoebic brain fever is highly fatal, with a mortality rate exceeding 97 per cent. Due to the aggressive nature of the infection and its rapid progression, early diagnosis and treatment are critical, although outcomes remain poor in most cases.

Preventive measures

Preventing exposure to contaminated water is the most effective way to reduce risk. Individuals are advised to avoid immersing their heads in stagnant water and to refrain from diving into untreated water bodies. Swimmers should use nose clips to prevent water from entering the nasal passages. Swimming pools and water parks must be properly chlorinated, and wells should be disinfected regularly according to health guidelines. Regular cleaning and maintenance of water storage and recreational facilities can further help limit the spread of infection.