Cancer remains a formidable health challenge, and while childhood cancers are relatively rare compared to adult cancers, they can progress rapidly and become life-threatening if not detected in time.

Awareness of early warning signs can significantly improve the chances of survival and recovery. Dr Kushal Agarwal, a neonatologist and paediatrics expert, highlighted several subtle yet serious symptoms that should not be ignored by parents or caregivers. Here are the seven key signs that could indicate the presence of cancer in children:

1. Persistent fever and frequent infections

Fever is a common childhood ailment, often linked to infections. However, a fever that lasts longer than usual or does not respond to routine medications should be taken seriously. When accompanied by fatigue and recurrent infections, it could suggest an underlying issue such as blood cancer (e.g., leukaemia). Prolonged immune suppression is often seen in children with haematological malignancies.

placeholder

2. Unusual bruising or bleeding

Children are prone to scrapes and bruises, especially while playing. However, unexplained bruises, tiny red or purple spots (known as petechiae), or prolonged bleeding from minor cuts may be signs of cancer, particularly leukaemia. This occurs due to the reduced number of healthy platelets in the bloodstream, affecting the body’s ability to clot.

3. Swelling or lumps in the body

Any unusual swelling or lump—especially one that does not go away or increases in size—should be medically assessed. Lumps in the neck, chest, abdomen, or hips can be associated with solid tumours like lymphomas or Wilms tumour (a kidney cancer commonly seen in young children). These lumps may or may not be painful, which is why visual or tactile inspection is crucial.

placeholder

4. Persistent bone or joint pain

Constant pain in the arms, legs, or joints—especially without any history of injury—may be linked to bone cancers such as osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma. Such pain is typically localised, worsens at night, and may affect a child’s ability to walk or participate in regular activities.

5. Morning headaches with vomiting

Recurrent headaches, particularly those that occur in the early morning and are accompanied by vomiting, could be a red flag for a brain tumour. These symptoms may result from increased intracranial pressure. Additional signs such as poor balance, coordination problems, or changes in behaviour should further prompt urgent medical evaluation.

placeholder

6. Eye changes and visual problems

Sudden vision loss, a white reflection in the pupil (often visible in photographs), or bulging of the eye (proptosis) can be early indicators of retinoblastoma, a rare form of eye cancer that mostly affects infants and young children. Early ophthalmological assessment can be life-saving and may preserve vision.

7. Weight loss and loss of appetite

Unexpected and rapid weight loss, decreased appetite, and night sweats are general but serious signs. These symptoms are commonly associated with lymphoma and other types of systemic cancer. A drop in energy levels and refusal to eat, especially when combined with other symptoms, should be promptly investigated.

Why early detection matters
Childhood cancers often respond better to treatment than adult cancers, provided they are diagnosed in the early stages. Due to rapid cell growth in children, cancers may spread quickly if not addressed. Timely medical intervention improves the chances of cure and minimises long-term health complications.

Parents are encouraged to monitor their child’s health closely and trust their instincts. Even if symptoms seem minor, prolonged or unusual patterns should not be overlooked. Early testing and referrals to a paediatric oncologist can make a critical difference.

(Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your paediatrician or a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.)