Cervical cancer: Early detection, prevention, and treatment

Baby, a 48-year-old bank employee, had been avoiding frequent bleeding over two months, assuming it was a symptom of menopause. However, severe pain, bleeding, and difficulty using the toilet prompted her to consult a gynaecologist. After hearing her symptoms, the doctor recommended a specialised examination. A per speculum test of the pelvic area revealed a fibroid in her cervix, marking the early stage of cervical cancer.

According to cancer statistics in women, cervical cancer ranks second in prevalence. One of the main causes is the human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV virus affects cervical cells, which gradually transform into cancerous cells. Factors such as early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, poor personal hygiene, and low immunity increase the risk of cervical cancer. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly seen in individuals aged 30–60 years.

Symptoms

The symptoms of cervical cancer may include:

• Bloodstains or light bleeding during or after menstruation.
• Unusual and heavy bleeding during the menstrual cycle.
• Bleeding or white discharge after sexual intercourse.
• Heavy white discharge.
• Pain during sexual activity.
• Bleeding after menopause.
• Frequent and sudden back pain or pelvic muscle pain.

Early diagnosis

Infected cells can eventually become cancerous. Early detection through screenings can prevent cancer and allow for effective treatment.

Vaccination

The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC-USA) recommends:

• Children aged 11 to 12 should receive two doses of the HPV vaccine six months apart.
• The vaccine can be administered up to age 26.
• Even after vaccination, regular screenings should be done.

Screening recommendations

• Women aged 30–65 should undergo regular screenings.
• The screening intervals depend on the individual’s risk, test results, and methods used, typically every 3–5 years.
• Common screening methods include: HPV Test, Cytology (Pap Smear), Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA)
• The most effective method for detecting cervical cancer is an HPV test, alone or combined with cytology.

Treatment and follow-up

• Early-stage tumours can often be treated successfully with surgery.
• Advanced tumours may require chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• For cervical cancer cases in stages 1–3, follow-ups are conducted regularly after treatment.
• Annual or symptom-based scanning is advised.
• In cases of recurrence, treatment depends on the extent of the disease.