Are your sunscreens providing less protection than claimed? Know what Australian watchdogs say

Lismore (Australia): Australians are being urged to check their sunscreens after recent testing revealed that several products claiming high levels of sun protection may be offering far less, with some found to deliver as little as SPF 4.

The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has announced concerns this week over a “base formula” shared by at least 21 sunscreen products, prompting widespread confusion and concern among consumers. The revelation follows a series of product recalls and growing scrutiny over how sunscreens are tested and manufactured.

Earlier this year, consumer watchdog Choice tested a number of sunscreens and found significant discrepancies between claimed and actual SPF levels. One product, labelled SPF 50+, was found to provide protection equivalent to only SPF 4.

As investigations widened, some manufacturers voluntarily recalled or paused the sale of certain sunscreens. Others followed suit as further irregularities came to light.

What is the TGA’s concern?

At the heart of the current issue is the use of a common “base formula” by several sunscreen brands. This formula, also known as the vehicle or core, forms the foundation of the sunscreen, combining water or oils with thickeners, emulsifiers, preservatives and other stabilising ingredients. UV filters — the ingredients responsible for blocking harmful rays — are then added to this base.

A well-designed base formula is essential to ensure UV filters are evenly distributed, remain stable in sunlight, and maintain effectiveness throughout use. If the base fails, even the best UV filters may not function properly — potentially leaving users unknowingly exposed to sunburn, skin damage and increased risk of skin cancer.

While not all sunscreens using the same base will necessarily underperform, the TGA's preliminary tests indicate that some could be offering far less protection than advertised. According to media reports, the SPF of some of these products may be as low as 4, dramatically below their labelled rating.

What makes SPF testing complicated?

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) ratings have long been used as a simple guide for consumers. But testing SPF is complex. It typically involves applying sunscreen to human skin, exposing it to UV light, and measuring how long it takes for redness to appear compared to unprotected skin.

However, different labs and individuals can produce varying results. A product might achieve a high SPF in one test and show much lower protection in another — highlighting the need for robust, standardised testing and quality control.

Dr Yin Yang from Sun Yat-sen University, speaking in Mayo Clinic Proceedings in an unrelated study, has previously emphasised the impact of formulation and lifestyle factors on product performance.

How and when does a sunscreen fail?

According to experts, there are several ways a base formula might underperform, including:

• Poor mixing or separation, causing UV filters to clump or settle unevenly
• Photodegradation, where ingredients break down when exposed to sunlight
• Chemical incompatibility, with other additives interfering with UV filters
• Excess fillers, diluting the effectiveness of active ingredients
• Storage issues, such as heat exposure or poor packaging, degrading the product over time

These issues may not affect every product made with the same base, but they raise serious questions about consistency, manufacturing practices, and safety.

How do I check if my sunscreen is affected?

The TGA and Choice are publishing updated lists of affected products on their websites. Consumers can also check with the manufacturer directly using the product’s batch number.

If your sunscreen is part of a recall:

• Do not rely on it for sun protection, especially for extended exposure
• Return it for a refund or replacement — many brands are offering vouchers or compensation
• Monitor updates from the TGA, as more products could be added to the recall
• Consult your GP if you’re concerned about past sun exposure or skin damage

What’s the broader message?

These concerns don’t mean all sunscreens are ineffective, but they do highlight the importance of rigorous testing, reliable formulation, and transparent labelling. The TGA’s ongoing investigation could pave the way for stronger regulation and clearer guidance for consumers.

In the meantime, experts advise choosing trusted sunscreen brands with a strong track record, published test results, and transparent manufacturing standards.

And remember: sunscreen is just one part of staying sun safe. Combine it with other protective measures: wear sun-protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses, seek shade, and avoid prolonged exposure during peak UV hours.

PTI